Lumbar Puncture (LP)
(Spinal Tap, Spinal Puncture, CSF Collection)
Procedure Description
What is a lumbar puncture?
A lumbar puncture (LP), also known as a spinal tap, is a diagnostic and/or therapeutic procedure performed by a physician. The procedure is performed by inserting a hollow needle into the subarachnoid space in the lumbar area (lower back) of the spinal column. The subarachnoid space is the canal in the spinal column that carries cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) between the brain and the spinal cord.
CSF is a clear fluid that bathes the brain and spinal cord while protecting it, like a cushion, from exterior injury. The fluid is produced and reabsorbed in the brain on a continuous basis. CSF is composed of cells, water, proteins, sugars, and other vital substances that are essential to maintain equilibrium in the nervous system.
Other related procedures that may be used to diagnose problems with the spine or brain include myelography (myelogram), computed tomography (CT scan), or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Please see these procedures for additional information.
Reasons for the Procedure
A lumbar puncture may be performed for various reasons. The most common reason is to remove a small amount of CSF for examination and diagnosis of various disorders. CSF is tested for red and white blood cells, protein, glucose (sugar), clarity, color, and the presence of bacteria, viruses, or abnormal cells. Excess CSF may also be removed in patients who have an overproduction or decreased absorption of the fluid.
A lumbar puncture procedure may be helpful in diagnosing many diseases and disorders including, but not limited to, the following:
- meningitis - an inflammation of the membrane covering the brain and spinal cord. The inflammation is usually the result of a viral, bacterial, or fungal infection, or the result of exposure to toxins or abnormal cells.
- encephalitis - an inflammation of the brain that is usually caused by a virus.
- certain cancers involving the brain and spinal cord
- bleeding in the subarachnoid space
- myelitis - an inflammation of the spinal cord or bone marrow.
- pseudotumor cerebri – a condition in which the spinal fluid pressure is increased for unclear reasons, causing headaches and sometimes visual problems.
- neurosyphilis - a stage of syphilis during which the bacteria invades the central nervous system.
- Guillain-Barré syndrome - a disorder in which the body's immune system attacks part of the nervous system.
- demyelinating diseases - diseases that attack the protective coating that surrounds certain nerve fibers (e.g., multiple sclerosis or acute demyelination polyneuropathy).
In addition, a lumbar puncture may be used to measure the pressure of the CSF, which flows freely between the spinal column and the brain. The physician measures the pressure during a lumbar puncture using a special tube (called a manometer) that is attached to the lumbar puncture needle.
Finally, a lumbar puncture may be performed therapeutically to inject medications directly into the spinal cord. Some medications that may be given via lumbar puncture (intrathecally) include: spinal anesthetics before a surgical procedure, contrast dye for x-ray studies (e.g., myelography), or chemotherapeutic agents to treat cancer.
There may be other reasons for your physician to recommend a lumbar puncture.
Risks of the Procedure
Because this procedure involves the spinal cord and brain, the following potential complications may occur:
A small amount of CSF can leak from the needle insertion site. This can cause headaches after the procedure.
There is a slight risk of infection because the needle breaks the skin’s surface, providing a possible portal of entry for bacteria.
A temporary numbness to the legs or lower back pain may be experienced.
There is a risk of bleeding in the spinal canal.
Should there be increased pressure or swelling in the brain before the procedure, a lumbar puncture can cause fluctuations in the CSF fluid levels, resulting in brain herniation. Herniation is a dangerous event in which the brain stem or top of the spinal column is compressed by swelling of the brain.
There may be other risks depending upon your specific medical condition. Be sure to discuss any concerns with your physician prior to the procedure.
Patient Preparation
Your physician will explain the procedure to you and offer you the opportunity to ask any questions that you might have about the procedure.
You will be asked to sign a consent form that gives your permission to do the procedure. Read the form carefully and ask questions if something is not clear.
Generally, fasting is not required prior to a lumbar puncture unless a sedative is prescribed. Your physician will instruct you prior to the procedure of any necessary fasting requirements.
Notify your physician if you are pregnant or suspect you may be pregnant.
Notify your physician if you have a history of seizures or if you are taking any prescribed medications for seizures.
Notify your physician if you have a history of bleeding disorders or if you are taking any anticoagulant (blood-thinning) medications, aspirin, or other medications that affect blood clotting. It may be necessary for you to stop these medications prior to the procedure.
If the procedure is performed on an outpatient basis, you may be asked to remain in the hospital for several hours following the procedure. You should plan to have another person drive you home.
Based upon your medical condition, your physician may request other specific preparation.
During the Procedure
A lumbar puncture procedure may be performed on an outpatient basis or as part of your stay in a hospital. Procedures may vary depending on your condition and your physician's practices.
Generally, a lumbar puncture follows this process:
- You will be asked to remove any clothing, jewelry, or other objects that may interfere with the procedure.
- You will be given a gown to wear.
- You will be reminded to empty your bladder prior to the start of the procedure.
- During the lumbar puncture you may lie on the examination table on your side with your chin tucked to your chest and knees tucked to your abdomen. Alternatively, you may sit on the edge of an examination table with your arms draped over a table positioned in front of you. In either position the back is arched, which helps to widen the intervertebral spaces.
- A lumbar puncture is a sterile procedure. Therefore, your back will be cleansed with an antiseptic solution and draped with sterile towels. The physician will wear sterile gloves during the procedure.
- The physician will anesthetize the skin by injecting a local anesthetic that numbs the site. This injection may sting for a few seconds, but makes the lumbar puncture less painful.
- The hollow needle will be inserted through the numbed skin and into the subarachnoid space where the CSF is located. You will feel some pressure while the needle is inserted. You must remain absolutely still during the insertion of the needle.
- The CSF will begin to drip out of the needle and a small amount, about one tablespoon, will be collected into test tubes.
- If the physician needs to inject medication into the spinal canal, it will be given through the same needle after the CSF is collected.
- When the procedure is completed, the needle will be removed and an adhesive bandage will be placed over the injection site. The test tubes will be taken to the laboratory for analysis.
You should notify the physician if you feel any numbness, tingling, headache, or lightheadedness during the procedure.
You may experience discomfort during a lumbar puncture. The physician will use all possible comfort measures and complete the procedure as quickly as possible to minimize any discomfort or pain.
After the Procedure
You may be asked to lie flat for a period of time after the lumbar puncture is completed. This helps reduce the incidence of a headache. You will be allowed to roll from side to side as long as your head is not elevated. You may be asked to urinate in a bedpan during the time that you are required to stay flat.
You will be asked to drink additional fluids to rehydrate after the procedure. This replaces the CSF that was withdrawn during the spinal tap and reduces the chance of developing a headache.
When you have completed the recovery period, you may be taken to your hospital room (if the procedure was performed elsewhere in the hospital) or discharged to your home.
Once you are at home, notify your physician of any abnormalities, such as numbness and tingling of the legs, drainage of blood or pain at the injection site, inability to urinate, or headaches. If the headaches persist for more than a few hours after the procedure, or when you change positions, you should contact your physician.
You may be instructed to limit your activity for 24 hours following the procedure. Generally, if no complications occur, you may return to your normal diet and activities.
Your physician may give you additional or alternate instructions after the procedure, depending on your particular situation.
Frequently Asked Questions about Lumbar Puncture
Q. Does it hurt?
A. You may experience discomfort during a lumbar puncture. The physician will use all possible comfort measures and complete the procedure as quickly as possible to minimize any discomfort or pain.
Q. How long does it take?
A. Generally it takes about 20 to 40 minutes.
Q. What conditions are being evaluated?
A. See above discussion
Useful links about Lumbar Puncture
The content provided here is for informational purposes only, and was not designed to diagnose or treat a health problem or disease, or replace the professional medical advice you receive from your physician. Please consult your physician with any questions or concerns you may have regarding your condition.
This page contains links to other Web sites with information about this procedure and related health conditions. We hope you find these sites helpful, but please remember we do not control or endorse the information presented on these Web sites, nor do these sites endorse the information contained here.
American Academy of Neurological and Orthopaedic Surgeons
American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons
National Cancer Institute
National Institute for Neurological Disorders and Stroke
National Institutes of Health (NIH)
National Library of Medicine
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